English Notebook

Dialogue 

- Dialogue should illuminate a character's personality, advance that plot, reveal details into a conflict, or showcase the setting by using setting specific language
- Direct dialogue is the one in quotes ""
- Indirect Dialogue not in quotes and not exactly what was said by the character
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To Kill a Mockingbird Annotations* 

Ch 1-10:

• Scout: Jean Louis
• Atticus is father of Scout and Jem
• very polite society compared to now
• polite to each other but they are racist
• takes place after the 1929 crash
• even the children are racist
• Jem doesn't want Scout to act like a girl
• Is the Radley house not abandoned?
• Jem is sexist and kinda manipulative
• Boo's real name is Arthur
• society likes to look at African Americans for blame
• he was trembling and silent for a week because his pants were folded for him
• Why did Scout not hear Jem cry?
• Why did Nathan Radley plug the healthy tree?
• Is it Arthur doing this?
• Is that an actual superstitious belief or is it intended to frighten children into compliance?
• Was the "N" word always offensive?
• Was saying "Negro" not offensive?

Ch 11:

• courage, to Atticus, is to hold in your pride
• Why is Ms. Dubose always angry?
• Scout likes to fight, Jem doesn't, but Jem was the troublemaker
• Atticus morally couldn't live with himself if he didn't defend Tom to the best of his ability
• sounds like chronic pain, is this why she is always mean?
• she was agitated by her addiction
• he would have had to read anyways
• courage is doing it even if you know you will fail
• courage is, to Atticus, not a man with a gun

Ch 12:

• church back then was very elegant
• they are not welcomed warmly at first
• African Americans referred to themselves as n*ggers?
• they get put in the front pew afterwards
• Calpurnia has to ¨talk like a [black fellow]" so that she fits in
• Calpurnia is moderately educated and has literacy 

Ch 13

• the people of Maycomb are 100% predictable
• ¨gentle breeding" means the finches have been marrying their relatives
• Aunt Alexandra is there to have a feminine touch
• is this what Atticus lacks and the children need?

Ch 14

• Aunt A doesnt like Calpurnia, probably because of her skin color 
• Why is Dill there? Why is he starving? How´d he get there?
• Dill ran away because he felt unwanted

Ch 15 - End

• the men are drunk 
• why are they leaving?
• Why does atticus have a lightbulb?
• mob mentality causes the men to think this way
• scout uses 'humanization' technique
• why does he turn red?
• because mayella got hit in the right eye she was hit by a left handed person
• Mr Raymond probably just appears to be drunk to give people an excuse
• Mr Raymond- "Cry about the simplehell people give other people withoutwithout even thinkingg"
• the time is exactly 1935
• equality of men resides in the fairness of court
• Judge Taylor appointed the best lawyer for Tom
• a man who cheats a black man is trash
• Currently are we paying for racism? Did we already pay for it? Will we pay for it?
• They descriminate women RIGHT after a lecture about not discriminating African Americans
• Jem thinks that Arthur stays inside because he is afraid of how horrible people can be to other people
• women of Maycomb are hypocrites
• anaphora for emphasis on the deliverance
• direct comparison between Tom and mockingbirds
• obvious suspension
• Arthur killed Ewell 
• ****Arthur's whole life changed for the worst the last time he stabbed, but this time he stabs Ewell and it is for the greater good****

*annotations for chapters 1-10 and 15-end are not in accordance to chapter and lack context
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To Kill a Mockingbird Key Points

1. In chapter 9, we are introduced to the controversial case Atticus has been given. Who is he representing? What has this person been charged with? How does the town feel about Atticus taking this case? What does this reveal about the time period?
2. - He is representing an African American man named Tom Robinson who is claiming innocence to a rape charge , the townspeople loathe him
3. What is the significance of the scene with the dog? What does this scene reveal about Atticus and how the kids view their father?
4. - Atticus is not hesitant to kill the dog, and he can do it well, but he is hesitant to represent Robinson poorly. He is seen as cooler by the kids now
5. Atticus is the character that introduces the title explaining that his father told him it was “a sin to kill a mockingbird.” What do you think this means? Why might Harper Lee use this for her title?
6. It is a sin to kill something so innocent, like what is going on in the trial
7. How have the kids’ perception of Boo Radley changed? Other questions?
8. They are no longer frightened by Radley

1. Thinking back on Erikson’s Stages of Development (hopefully you have notes in your digital notebook), the theory behind the stages is that you have to complete one stage in order to start the next. What stage do you believe Mayella Ewell is at? What stage should she be at? What textual evidence can you provide that supports your claim?
2. Mayella is starting to feel the pain of loneliness which suggests that she is in the 19-40yr old category.
3. How do the themes race, education and wealth surface during the court scene? Find textual evidence to support your claimed theme. Do you think the court scene would have been different is Mr. Ewell was wealthy or educated? If so, what does that say about our justice system? Are there prejudices in the justice system?
4. The case would be much stronger if Ewell was wealthy and educated, and of course there is prejudices in our justice system, statistics are prejudice's friend.
5. Is Mayella Ewell like her father or different from him? In what ways?
6. They are both lonely and poor, but she is a girl and she would want a black man.

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The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History

Prologue: 

• human race small in Africa, but resourceful 
• slow to breed = wiped out
• humans reproduces exponentially 
• humans alter the world more than any other animal
• the ¨Big 5¨ extinctions are the 5 remarkable extinctions in history, and we are waiting for #6

Ch 4:

• CO2 dissolves in water and forms an acid
• 400 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere
• pH scale is like the Richter scale
• close to CO2 vents the pH is 7.8, and 33% of the animals in normal 8.1 pH were not inhabitants of the 7.8 pH zone
• some animals thrive in acidic conditions and others do not
• ocean acidification alters how much nutrients like iron and nitrogen
• OA will make the ocean darker, noisier, and with more toxic algae 
• reefs have disappeared many times before
• paradoxes: reefs thrive where nutrients are scarce, reefs are bad at dealing with environmental changes 

Ch 8 

• “latitudinal diversity gradient,” is the tendency for diversity to increase closer to the equator
• what makes the trees good competitors in their small range makes them not so good outside of it
• it is very important for species to be able to stand fluctuations in temperature to survive
• in ecology, the number of animals and the area of the land has a positive correlation 
• in extinction, humans are always changing the area of the land that animals live in, which means a number of animals will change accordingly
• global warming continues, 38-52% of all animals die
• if we go green now, around 22% will die
• the sixth extinction
• a warmer world would be more diverse

Ch 9 and 10

• as birds got displaced from their homes from deforestation, they went to the surrounding forest where  the population there grew, then dropped dramatically (this happened with other species as well)
• small populations are at high risk for extinction, especially locally
• about one species is lost every 100 minutes in the amazon from deforestation
• the majority of animals who would go extinct would be insects and other large populations
• invasive species can kill entire native populations

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Research Paper

Topic sentence - should clearly state the problem focused on in the paper:

"The rapid decline of the bee population in the United States poses a serious threat to global agriculture"

- make sure if it answers "why"

- powerful vocab

- get to the point

Concrete Detail: 

'A fact sheet released by the White House states that "honey bees enable the production the at least 90 crops. Globally, 87 of these crops are dependent on animal pollinators" (Office of the Press Secretary).

- introduce the quote, can highlight credibility of the source

- include MLA citation

Commentary:

- 2-3 sentences of commentary that supports how the research supports your topic sentence. 

- apparently, you can begin a sentence with 'because'?

Concrete detail #2, Commentary #2, 

Conclusion Sentence - wrap up paragraph by restating main points and transition to next paragraph

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CER : English Version

Claim:

Needs to be specific and answers the question "why"

Intro Quotes:

Ex. In Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451, he uses short sentences and personification to build suspense and tension when Montag runs from the police.

Things To Know:

Write in 3rd person

No contractions (exception possessive)

2 Sentence minimum of analysis for each quote

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Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as taking words, ideas, or information as your own (intentionally or non intentionally) by not using proper citation

Things that need to be cited include:
- direct quotes
- paraphrased material
- summaries

Direct quotes should have a reason to be used, and summarizing/paraphrasing will make up most of the cited material, especially in the background section of a research paper/lab/proposal. 
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Fahrenheit 451

Characters - 

Guy Montag - he has more curiosity than others; is a fireman

Mildred Montag - does not wish to live, occasionally, and attempts suicide 

Clarisse McClellan- Has more curiosity than almost everyone in the society; 

CER: Clarisse McClellan  is different from the rest of society.“Do you ever read the books you burn?” (Bradbury 8). Clarisse, unlike Montag and supposedly everyone else in the society, questions why things are they way they are as well as why knowledge that seems common is not.

Setting- 

Takes place in futuristic society where free thought is unheard of and learning about the past is banned

CER: Fahrenheit 451 takes place in a futuristic society. "There's dew on the morning grass" (Bradbury). This simple knowledge could only be unknown in an incredibly tyrannical government censoring knowledge.

Figurative Language- 

Bradbury uses figurative language to compare elements of the text to animals by giving them animalistic traits

Claim: Bradbury uses figurative language to compare things to animals.
Evidence: "The pigeon-winged books"
Reasoning: Even books are compared to animals, though they barely share characteristics.

Motifs-
The Hound - its prolonged explanation and character development gives a good insight of how the society is since this machine can easily be compared to the citizens of the society

Claim: The Hound is a motif
Evidence: Is referenced 42 times over pages 24,25,26, and 27.
Reasoning: This subject comes up often and models what kind of society this is because the machines sound like the people. 

Role of Technology in Society- 
The tech is so advanced that simple tasks are not done by humans, and human interactions are diminished 

Claim: Tech is too advanced and steals the simple tasks from humans.

Evidence: Just for preparing breakfast they  had "toast [popping] out of [a] silver toaster, [which was] seized by a spidery metal hand that drenched it with melted butter" (Bradbury

Themes - 
Questioning - Guy Montag finally starts to question not only his thoughts about himself but the world around him
Fear - fear is a theme throughout the book because it controls all the citizens to keep a very low profile and not say a word or question about the government
   
Nonconformity vs Conformity
Conformity: Mildred

Evidence: "I hate her... she was simple-minded [to die for her books]" (Bradbury 37-38)

Reasoning: Mildred becomes the ignorant citizen that the government wants her to be, and can't think any other way than what she is told.

Characters:
Montag's character starts to develop

Claim: Montag is beginning to think and observe for himself

Evidence: "There was a wall between him and Mildred, not just one but 3 and very expensive"

Reasoning: He now can question what is going on and feel emotions based on those observations.

Futuristic/Dystopian Society 
F451 Is set in the future and in a dystopian society.

Claim: The society in Fahrenheit 451 is futuristic and dystopian. 

Evidence: Talking about suicides, the technicians say that they "receive 9-10 calls like [that] a day".

Reasoning : This society is so disconnected that suicide is a normal occurrence. 

Use of Suspension, Tension, and Mystery Surprise

Claim: Bradbury used suspense when Mildred found Montag's books.

Evidence: Mildred is surprised when she finds Montag's books and is constantly trying to make the books known infront of Beatty when "[her] hand had frozen behind the pillow. Her fingers were tracing the book's outline and as the shape became familiar her face looked surprised and then stunned” (Bradbury 41).

Reasoning: The whole scene is suspenseful because the reader just waits find out whether Montag will get caught or not because of the language used.

Motif

Claim: Bradbury uses nature as a motif. 
Evidence: "He lay far away from her on an empty island"
Reasoning: He uses nature to describe many different scenes.

Setting

Claim: The setting is in a windy fall. 
Evidence: When Montag first notices Clarisse walking home from work he saw that the "motion of the wind and the leaves [seemed to] carry her forward”(Bradbury 3).
Reasoning: This examples a time where there is leaves on the ground and would most likely be fall.

Role of Tech in Society

Claim: Technology destroys important human interaction in the society of Fahrenheit 451. Evidence: When Beatty is talking about what the society is to Montag, he explains that “all [the people] live for, is... for pleasure.. [and] for titillation” (Bradbury 87) Reasoning: Technology has been taken advantage of to improve the quality of life and has eventually become the source that people look to get all of their happiness from, which  makes this happiness a hollow happiness  because society now lacks quality human interactions, and instead mimic the things  that they spend most of their time with, which are machines.

Themes
Claim: There is a theme of fright over of change and diversity.
Evidence: So now do you see why books are hated and feared? They show the pores in the face of life. The comfortable people want only wax moon faces, poreless, hairless, expressionless. We are living in a time when flowers are trying to live on flowers, instead of growing on good rain and black loam" (Bradbury ?).
Reasoning: People don't like competition and would rather feed off happiness than make their own.

Conformity vs Nonconformity
Claim: Montag doesn't conform with society.
Evidence: "No, I don't want to, this time. I want to hold on to this funny thing. God, it's gotten big on me. I don't know what it is. I'm so damned unhappy, I'm so mad, and I don't know why I feel like I'm putting on weight. I feel fat. I feel like I've been saving up a lot of things, and don't know what. I might even start reading books" (Bradbury 64).
Reasoning: Montag, unlike the rest of society, wants to read and has feelings that he responds to.

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Essays - Revisited

Formatting

- Make sure when formatting to delete the prompt on the page being written on if there is one

- Double space

Tone

- Remove all  1st and 2nd person and change to 3rd

- Remove all contractions

- Use formal language

Thesis

- Title 

- Author's full name

- Claim - main assertion about your character (w/ 3 mini claims)

Topic Sentences

- Characters name + behavior + revealed about

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Multiple Choice Test Taking Tips

          #1 - What is the Question Asking?

          #2 - Write down everything you know about the question.

          #3 - Look at each answer one time, go through and mark beside it: true, false, or ?
        
          #4 - Ask yourself which answer is answering the question best.

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Poetic Devices in Shakespeare :

Simile: "Love goes towards love as schoolboys from their books" (II.ii.173)

Paradox: "Goodnight goodnight parting is such  a sweet sorrow" (II.ii.204-205)

Couplet : "Hence I will go to my ghostly father's cell/ His help to crave and my dear hap to tell" (II.ii.212-213)

Personification :  "Frowning night"(II.iii.2) 

Anaphora : "By Jesus a very good blade! a very tall man! a very good w****!" (II.iv.31) 

Anaphora :  "Past hope, past cure, past help!" (IV.i.48-49)

Simile :  "Thy head is as full of quarrels as an egg is as full of meat" (III.i.23)

Allusion : "Venus" (IV.i.10)

Alliteration : "Shall, still. and stark" (IV.i.10)

Anaphora : "How, how, how, how" (III.v.167)

Alliteration : "At home, abroad, alone" (III.v.204)

Metaphor : "Romeo's a dishclout to him. An eagle" (III.v.249)

Hyperbole : "Which she hadth praised a thousand time!" (III.v.268-269)

Metaphor : "I have... heat of life..." (IV.iii.17-18)

Simile : "And shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the Earth" (IV.iii.49)

Hyperbole : "Sleep for a week" (IV.v.6)

Irony : "How sound is she asleep" (IV.v.9)

Allegory : "Revive, look up, or I'll die with thee!" (IV.v.23)

Couplet : "For never a story of more woe, than this of Juliet and her Romeo" (v.iii.334-35)

Paradox : "Unhappy fortune" (V.ii.18)

Simile : "More fierce and more inexorable far than empty tigers or the roaring sea" (V.ii.42-43)

Hyperbole : "Sleep for a week" (IV.v.6)

Irony : "How sound she is sleep!" (IV.v.9)

Allegory : "Revive, look up, or I will die with thee!" (IV.v.23)

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Vocab in Shakespeare :

Heralds          - messengers
wonton          - carefree
Chide             - to scorn

Conjure          - use magic to summon
Medlar           - a fruit
Hist               - shush

Jocund           - cheerful or light hearted
Discourses      - memories 
Fickle            - to change frequently

inundation     - to flood in large amounts of water
abate            - to reduce in size, intensity
gadding         - to wander looking for pleasure 

orisons           - prayers
culled            - select from large quantity
behoveful       - useful; beneficial

conceit           - too much pride
receptacle      - storage chamber 

Loggerhead - a dumb person

Slugabed - lazy person

Lamentable - full of sorrow and grief

Accursed - under a curse

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Plagues and Other Illnesses 
Illnesses:
       Bubonic Plague :
- spread by people around rats
- killed 1/3 - 2/3 of the population
- spread at theaters
       Typhoid:
- from poor hygiene
Treatments:
- natural remedies
  
Clothing and Hygiene 
Most extravagant dress --> least extravagant dress
Highest Class --> Lowest Class

Elizabethan Monarchy 
Queen Elizabeth 1 :
- ruled England, and was the most popular monarch of the 1500's
- she was helped by advisers since she was the most powerful person in England
- she could decide religion, she chose Catholic
- against the law to wear wrong clothes of class

King James 1 :
- didn't like middle class 

Levels of Government:
- Privy Counsel (like the US Cabinet)
- Star Chamber  (like the Supreme Court without jury)
- Parliament (Like Congress)

Nobles had most power, laws on eating, dressing, and religion

England on World Stage

Hated Spain, and did not like Catholicism, and in England they had the Protestant religion

Elizabethan Punishments
Jails: Held witnesses and criminals but were very short
Crimes: heretics and traitors specifically killed
             made it a point to be humiliated and shamed in public
             no jury system
             beliefs had to be of the queen and king

Elizabethan Society
 Women were lower than men
  Couldn't go into nobility unless born into it
Monarch> Nobility> Gentry> Commoners> Yeomen/Laborers

Elizabethan Entertainment 
Bear Bating - dogs attacking bears
Fencing - sword fighting
Theater -  showed plays
Festivals - gave something to look forward to
Cockfighting - expensive chicken fight to the death
Horse racing - horse racing
Drugs - cannabis, tobacco, alcohol
Chess - chess


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Poetic Devices: 

Butters 1 vs 2 Observations

1 - light, thick and harder, relatively tasteless, more dense

2 - soft and more spreadable, stronger taste, darker

Butters 1 vs 2 Reality

1 -

•  Organic
•  The cream is cultured
•  Gluten free
•  Great for baking, cooking and to top your favorite foods!

2 - All-purpose, all-natural butter. The grass-fed cow’s milk to butter.

Ingredients: Pasteurized cream, salt

Claim : The reason that Butter #2 tasted much stronger than butter #1 is because it had more sodium

Evidence: “[The salty taste from sodium] is the single most important taste for making savory foods delicious" - MNSNA

“Added salt improves the sensory properties of virtually every food that humans consume” - Henney

“The main reason is that, in many cases, added salt enhances the positive sensory attributes of foods, even some otherwise unpalatable foods; it makes them “taste” better” - Henney

Works Cited:

Henney JE, Taylor CL, Boon CS “ Taste and Flavor Roles of Sodium in Food” National Center . for Biotechnology Information. National Academic Press. 2010. October 12, 2016

“Physiology of Taste, Salt and How to Have One Without the Other” MNSNA. Minnesota School . . Nutrition Association.  July 31, 2015. October 12, 2016

Yogurt 1 vs 2

1 - bitter and sour, thick consistency,                

2 - very sour, darker, bitter, thin consistency       

Reality

1 - Gluten free cultured yogurt

2 - Organic cultured yogurt

Claim: Yogurt #1 was less bitter and sour than Yogurt #2 because of its increased amount of sugar that suppresses the bitterness/sourness from their fermentation.

Evidence: Yogurt #1 has 15 grams of sugar p/c and Yogurt #2 has 11 grams p/c

“[Sugars increase sweetness perception] because they contain OH groups with a particular orientation that can interact with the taste receptor for sweetness in our tongues” - Patricia

“Studies of binary mixtures have established that bitterness can be suppressed both by sweet tasting stimuli” - Green

“Sweetness can suppress sourness” - Green

Works Cited:

Patricia S. “Why is Sugar Sweet?” University of Illinois, The Department of Chemistry  at the University of Illinois. 2012. October 13, 2016

Green B, et al. “Taste Mixture Interactions: Suppression, Additivity, and the Predominance of Sweetness” National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information December 2, 2010. October 13, 2016

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Vocab for Shakespearean Sonnets 18 & 116

Temperate (adj)- mild or moderate climate; Pismo beach

Lease (noun)- a period of temporary ownership; renting a room

Complexion (noun)- skin and features of a face; acne

Decline (verb)- moves in downward direction; slope

Untrimmed (adj)- made or left plain; not having a trim on your clothes meaning lower class

Impediments (noun)- block or get in the way; obstacles

Alters (verb)- makes different without completely changing; color change

Tempest (noun)- an actual storm or metaphorical storm; plane Tempest

Bark (noun)- a small boat; B-ark B-oat

Compass (noun)- range in a curved or circular pattern; out of range

Internal Rhyme (noun)- A word in the middle of the line rhyming with another word in the line or a word in the middle of the next line

Alliteration (noun)- When 3 or more consonant sounds are repeated at the beginning of the words in a line

Personification (noun)- When a noun is given human qualities despite not being human

Assonance (noun)- when 2 or more words close to one another repeat vowel sounds

Theme (noun)- Main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work